Title:
Audience Perception of Hate Speech and Foul Language in the Social Media in Nigeria: Implications for Morality and Law
Full Reference List:
| 1. | African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, 32nd Session, Banjul, 17 - 23 October 2002. |
| 2. | Ali, Anthony Danladi. (2013). Media Role and the Hurdle of a Nigerian Journalist 1984-1999. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, vol.2, No. 9, pp.1-13. |
| 3. | Araoye, M.O. (2004) Sample Size Determination. In Araoye, M.O. (ed.). Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences. Ilorin. Nathadex Publishers. Nigeria. |
| 4. | Brinks, D.O. (2001). Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech. Millian Principles, Legal Theory. Vol. 24. |
| 5. | Callamard, Agnes. (2008). Expert Meeting on the Link Between Articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR: Freedom of Expression and Advocacy of Religious Hatred that Constitutes Incitement to Discrimination, Hostility or Violence. Geneva. UNHCHR, October 2-3. |
| 6. | Chiluwa, Innocent and Adegoke, Adetunji. (2013). Twittering the Boko Hara Uprising in Nigeria: Investigating Pragmatic Acts in the Social Media. Africa Today, vol.59, No.3. |
| 7. | Citron, K. D. & Norton, H. (2011). Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age. Boston University Law Review, Vol. 91. |
| 8. | Cohen, Corentin. (2015). Violence Between and Within Political Parties in Nigeria: Statistics, Structures and patterns (2006 - 2014). IFRA-Nigeria Working Papers Series, n°50, 20/04/2015, available at: http://www.ifra-nigeria.org/ IMG/pdf/violence-politic |
| 9. | Cornwell Nancy C. & Orbe Mark P. (1999). Critical Perspectives on Hate Speech: Explicating the Centrality of ‘Dialogic Listening’ in Attempts for Meaningful Dialogue. International Journal of Listening. 13, pp.75-96. |
| 10. | Dalhberg, L. (2001). The Internet and Democratic Discourse: Exploring the Prospects of Online Deliberative Forums Extending the Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society Journal, vol.4:4. |
| 11. | Defeis, E.F. (1992). Freedom of Speech and International Norms: A Response to Hate Speech. Stanford Journal of International Law. Vol. 29, pp. 57–74. |
| 12. | Downs, D.M. & Cowan, G. (2012). Predicting the Importance of Freedom of Speech and the Perceived Harm of Hate Speech, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 42, No.6. |
| 13. | Elischer, Sebastian. (2008). Do African Parties Contribute to Democracy? Some Findings from Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria. Afrika Spectrum, 43. |
| 14. | Fildler R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media. California. Pine Forge Press. |
| 15. | Flichy, Patrice. 2010. The Internet Imaginaire. USA: MIT Press. |
| 16. | Gagliardone, I., Danit G., Thiago A. & Gabriela M. (2015). Countering Online Hate Speech. France. UNESCO publishers. |
| 17. | Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Boston. MIT Press. |
| 18. | Hylton K. N. (1996). Implications of Mill’s theory of liberty for the regulation of hate speech and hate crimes. Chicago. University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 35. |
| 19. | Musaraj, A., & Gerxhi, J. (2010). Communication and Ethical Behavior in the Public Service. Academicus International Scientific Journal, (1), 11-21. |
| 20. | Kayambazinthu, E. & Moyo, F. (2002). Hate Speech in the New Malawi. in H. Englund (ed.). A Democracy of Chameleons: Politics and Culture in the New Malawi. Stockholm: Elanders Gotab. |
| 21. | Leets, L. (2002). Experiencing Hate Speech: Perceptions and Responses to AntiSemitism and Antigay Speech. Journal of Social Issues. Vol. 58, No. 2, pp.341- 361. |
| 22. | Leo, L.A., Gaer, F.D. & Cassidy, E.K. (2011). Protecting Religions from Defamation: A Threat to Universal Human Rights Standards. Harv. J. L & Pub. Pol’y. Vol. 34, pp.769–795. |
| 23. | Pomilio, F. (2012). Communication as ethical facilitator. Academicus International Scientific Journal, (6), 12-19. |
| 24. | Morsink, J. (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent. University of Pennsylvania Press. |
| 25. | National Bureau of Statistics. Annual Abstract of Statistics 2012. Federal Republic of Nigeria, a, www.nigerianstat.gov.ng. |
| 26. | Vasmatics, G. (2010). The revolution of communication and its effect on our life Academicus International Scientific Journal, (01), 100-108. |
| 27. | Neisser, E. (1994). Hate Speech in the New South Africa: Constitutional Consideration for a Land Recovering from Decades of Rational Repression and Violence. South African Journal of Human Rights 10. Pp.333-356. |
| 28. | Nemes, I. (2002). Regulating Hate Speech in Cyberspace: Issues of Desirability and Efficacy. Information & Communications Technology Law. Vol. 11v No.3. |
| 29. | Nielsen, L.B. (2002). Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in Public as Hate Speech. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 58, No. 2. |
| 30. | Nowak, M. (1993). UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary. NP Engel Kehl. |
| 31. | OHCHR. (2011). Conclusions and Recommendations Emanating from the Four Regional Expert Workshop Organized by the OHCHR in 2011 and adopted by experts in Rabat, Morocco on 5 October 2012, available at: http://www.ohchr. org/Documents/Issues/Opinion/Seminar |
| 32. | Olowojolu, Olakunle. (2016) Role of Media in 2015 Presidential Election in Nigeria. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance. Vol. VII, No.7, 2016, pp.1-12. |
| 33. | Parekh, B. (2006). Hate Speech: Is There a Case for Banning? Public Policy Research. |
| 34. | Pillay Karmini, Azriel Joshua. (2012). Banning Hate Speech from Public Discourse in Canada and South Africa: A Legal Analysis of both Countries Constitutional Court and Human Rights Institutions. Vol. 7, S.A. Public Law Journal. |
| 35. | Post, R., Hare, I. & Weinstein, J. (2009). Hate Speech. in Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford University Press. |
| 36. | Spiegel, L. (1999). Hate Speech, Civil Rights and the Internet: The Jurisdictional and Human Rights Nightmare. Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology. |
| 37. | United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (2013) General recommendation on combating racist hate speech”, CERD/C/GC/35. |
| 38. | Viljoen, F. (2012). International Human Rights Law in Africa. Oxford University Press. |
| 39. | Witschge,.C. (2008). Examining Online Public Discourse in Context: A Mixed Method Approach. Javahost- the Public, Vol.15, No. 2 |
Back to article
Academicus
International Scientific Journal
pISSN 2079-3715
eISSN 2309-1088
Address:
Sheshi i Flamurit, Rruga Muze
Al-9401 Vlorë, Albania
Tel: +355 68 60 60 555
info@academicus.edu.al
https://academicus.edu.al